(Howo wide-body mining dump truck, not ordinary highway tipper; for open-pit mines in China, diesel version, round trip with full load + empty load. Two calculation standards: variable cost / total cost (including depreciation and insurance))

Assumptions: 60–70-ton Howo wide-body mining truck, open-pit coal mine/aggregate quarry, short haul 1–3 km with ramps, unpaved mine roads, high attendance rate; diesel price reference: 7 RMB/L

1) Variable Cost (Fuel, tires, maintenance & consumables only; excluding depreciation, insurance and labor)

• Comprehensive round-trip fuel consumption: 32～40 L/100km (higher under heavy uphill load: 42～45 L/100km; ~30 L on flat terrain)👉 Fuel cost: 2.2～2.8 RMB/km

• Tires + routine maintenance (engine oil, filters, wearing parts, repairs): 1.0～1.6 RMB/km✅ Total variable cost: 3.2～4.4 RMB/km

2) Total Cost of Ownership (TCO, including depreciation and insurance, excluding driver wages, commonly used standard in mining industry)

• Allocated depreciation + insurance: 0.8～1.5 RMB/km✅ Overall total cost: 4.0 ～ 5.9 RMB/km

Industry average for conventional open-pit mines: around 4.5 RMB/kmSteep slopes, broken rock roads, overloading, aged fleets: may rise to above 6 RMB/km; new trucks with good management & favorable road conditions can drop to 3.8 RMB/km

3) With driver wages (amortized by annual mileage)

Key Factors Affecting Cost

1. Haul distance & gradient: Short cyclic haul and steep ramps increase idling time, sharply raising fuel consumption and tire wear; longer flat hauls reduce cost

2. Vehicle tonnage: Larger 90-ton Howo models have higher fuel and tire costs, pushing up cost per kilometer

3. Road surface: Tire wear on hard rock crushed roads doubles that on earth roads

4. Vehicle condition: Lower cost for new trucks; maintenance cost rises significantly for units over 3 years old

5. Diesel price: Every 0.5 RMB/L rise in diesel price adds 0.16～0.2 RMB per kilometer

Supplement: Reference for Howo Electric Mining Trucks (same working condition)

⚠️ Note: The above is cost per vehicle kilometer, NOT cost per ton-kilometer.Ton-kilometer cost = cost per kilometer ÷ average payload.Example: At 4.5 RMB/km with 50-ton payload → 0.09 RMB/ton·km